Encryption is a way of scrambling information so that only a legitimate recipient of that information can make it readable again. The most common form of encryption today is public key/private key encryption. Imagine a strongbox that has two keyholes and two separate keys. If you lock the box using one key, you can only unlock it with the other.
Security protocols
Hovering the padlock icon when visiting a secure server, you will see a string of text that looks something like this: TLS v1.0 128 bit C4 (1024 bit RSA/SHA)
The first three letters will show what security protocol is used on the site. There are four common security protocols; in order from good to best, these are SSL version 2, SSL version 3, TLS 1.0, and TLS 1.1.
SSL
SSL stands for "secure sockets layer". SSL version 3 is better than version 2, which is being phased out and is only used by a small number of Web sites these days.
TLS
TLS is short for "transport layer security", a security protocol based on SSL. This is considered the most secure protocol in common use today.
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Opera is designed with the most advanced and widespread security measures available, making on-line purchasing simple.
Some sites may greet you with a page saying something along the lines of "You do not have a secure browser; please download Netscape Communicator or Internet Explorer." The site designer may, mistakenly, believe that only those browsers support advanced security, although Opera has levels of security that are as good as or superior to these browsers.
Changing how Opera identifies itself will often allow you to circumvent this problem: press F12 to display the Quick Preferences dialog box, then use Edit site preferences > Network, and select to "Identify as" Mozilla or Internet Explorer. When you have selected one of these alternatives, go back to the page you were attempting to enter.
Before you enter any information about yourself, especially credit card details, look for the security bar that should appear on the address bar. On the security bar, there should be an icon that looks like a locked padlock. If you hover your mouse over the icon, you will see what kind of encryption the site uses. The organizational name of the security certificate holder should appear beside the padlock icon.
Some Web sites will open a separate window with the address bar hidden. In this case, Opera will display the security bar as a collapsed address bar that shows the domain that the window belongs to. Before you enter any sensitive information, check that the domain matches the domain that you were expecting. You can also click the collapsed address bar to show the full address bar, and security bar.
Opera supports internationalized domain names (IDN), which allows domain names in languages such as Russian and Chinese to be written in their own native scripts. Opera will only allow certain combinations of scripts to be displayed in localized characters, unless the top level domain is trusted. Trusted top level domains are selected if they have established strict policies on the domain names they allow to be registered.
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The settings in Preferences > Advanced > Content allow you to set up external applications that Opera can use to enhance your browsing experience.
Plug-ins
Plug-ins are external applications that Opera can use to display images and video clips, show files, or play sounds that the browser is not able to handle by itself. Some of the most popular plug-ins are Macromedia Flash, QuickTime, and Adobe Acrobat.
Plug-ins are essentially separate applications. Therefore, Opera's various security settings will have no effect on how plug-ins work. It's a good idea to do your homework before installing new plug-ins. For example, a plug-in like RealPlayer can make use of cookies, and Opera's cookie settings will have no effect on these.
To see a list of installed plug-ins, open the built-in plug-in overview. Note that Opera for Linux has a separate preference window for installing and locating plug-ins.
Please keep in mind that any plug-in you add is an application installed on your computer. As always, protect your computer and download software only from reputable sources.
JavaScript
JavaScript (or actually ECMAScript) is a means of embedding executable content in Web pages. It is used for everything from making image links change when your mouse hovers over them, to receiving and sending cookies.
These scripts are completely safe most of the time, but they have been used for malicious purposes. JavaScript should not be able to access applications and information outside the Web page it resides on, but if you still fear JavaScript abuse, you can choose to disable it. You can also put some limits on what Opera should let the script do, e.g., resize or move windows, by clicking "JavaScript options". And you can choose to have the JavaScript console displayed should there be an error.
If you completely disable JavaScript, however, some sites may report errors, fail to display vital content such as menus or even shut you out. Remember that JavaScript is easily toggled on and off by way of Opera's "Quick preferences", that is displayed by pressing F12.
Java
Java is considered to be very secure today. If Java is installed and enabled in Opera, your system is unlikely to face security problems relating to Java. However, if you are still concerned that Java might be a security risk, disable it here. Enabling Java is also a Quick preferences option.
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Downloads and File Types
Opera handles a large number of varying file types, including HTML files, graphical files such as JPEG and GIF, and other types of files which it cannot use by itself. These include PDF documents, word-processor documents which can end in SXW, RTF, DOC, or any of a dozen other extensions. For certain file types, Opera needs multimedia plug-ins.

Configuring settings
By default, Opera will determine how to handle a file by its MIME type. MIME types are descriptions used by Web servers to identify files to browsers. This is the most secure way of receiving content on the Internet. There is a second option, however; you may choose to let Opera determine use the file's extension to decide which action to take when the MIME type is not reliable. This option is less secure than the default.

Some MIME types are intended as generic types, such as "text/plain" and "application/octet-stream". If a server is not specifically set up to handle a certain kind of content, these generic MIME types are often used. This means that sometimes a video file in an MPEG format will be sent using the "text/plain"MIME type. If you have chosen to determine action by file extension, Opera will nevertheless recognize the video file's extension (such as ".mpg"), and handle it according to your settings for .mpg files.

However, sometimes the file type indicated by the extension is not the file type that the browser interprets. This is due to an HTTP header called "content-disposition," which can assign a new name to the file you are downloading. Therefore, if you enable the option to determine file type by extension, pay close attention to the file name in "Open" and "Save" dialog boxes and make certain the file is not of a different kind than expected. If it is, do not open or run the file.
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